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添加船舶燃油需注意的几个问题

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【摘要】不管是期租,程租,只要船还在运营当中都涉及到船舶添加燃油的问题,除非拆了。燃油价格在区域上有差别,且不同区域的燃油在其成分含量上也有差异。在添加燃油过程中,往往会出现争议,比如短少;事后也会出现添加的燃油不符合规格,不能用的情况。那么,为了尽可能避免这些争议,都需要采取哪些必要的措施呢?本文就添加船舶燃油的问题,说说需要注意的几个问题。

【关键词】燃油、短少、质量、Off-Specification

 

就像日常生活一样,我们需要吃饭喝水;那么船舶,她也得消耗燃油,不管是期租,还是程租,只要船舶还在运营当中,除非拆了。因此,在航运实务中,均会涉及到燃油添加的问题。在安排航次任务的时候,需要考虑到加油安排;对于大型散货船而言,比如巴西回国的航线,选择在新加坡加油便成了不二选择。

众所周知,从2017年1月1日起,新加坡当局针对所有船用燃油(Marine Fuel Oil, MFO)的加油操作,要求强制使用经新加坡海事局批准的质量流量计系统(Mass Flow Metering system, MFM system)。如果驳船未安装此系统,将不被许可。通过实施质量流量计系统进行燃油供应,其主要目的是为了避免燃油供应数量的不一致,也就是常说的短少问题。

但据某协会近期报道称,加油轮上管道存在不规范的情况。这种管道不规范所带来的一个影响就是在加油过程中,一部分质量的燃油会被抽回加油船。这意味着流量质量计的累加器上读数比实际交付燃油要多,也即船舶实际接收燃油比流量表的数要少。交于船方的燃油交货单(Bunker Delivery Note)上数据取自于质量流量计。加油船不接受船上通过测深计算出的燃油接收量,也不参与燃油测深计量的过程,如下图打印出来的单据。


新加坡海事局发布的“燃油质量流量计系统技术参考”(TR 48:2015)所明确的,管道装置是质量流量计系统至关重要的一部分。如果条件许可,为了避免出现大的争议,也可以安排燃油检验师上船,协助船方去检查该系统的完整性,检查加油船管线是否有不规范的情况、校验密封检验报告、检测密封件是否完好以及读取质量流量计读数。同时,船方仍应在燃油交付前后进行测深计量,如果出现船上数据与燃油交货单数据不同,差异较大的话,应当签发海事声明;尽管燃油供应商通常不会接受或拒绝签收此类海事声明。但是在出现争议时,该声明是证明质量流量计的数据与测深计量得出数据不同的依据;因此有任何数据不相符的情形,船方都应该在第一时间通知相关方,比如租家,船东和代理。

针对这种差异较大的情况,船长在收集好证据后,可以把相关文件发代理,让代理发给新加坡的MPA(bsd@mpa.gov.sg),请求当局对加油驳船经行查验。不管结果如何,该做的还是要做,也许能挽回损失。

当然了,如果燃油的买卖合同,已经约定了以泊船的数为准,那么既然买卖合同都约定好了,那么有争议也没有办法了。因此拟定一份好的燃油买卖合同显得非常重要。那么就来到第一个问题,燃油的买卖合同。

 

一、燃油买卖合同

可能有燃油供油商或者贸易商说,以他们的合同为版本,而且还不能修改等等,但这都不是理由。很显然,尤其是在大的加油港,如新加坡,船东或租家可供选择的机会非常多,不怕加不到油。在小的港口,也可以通过贸易商;只要有钱,何愁买不到油?因此,在船东或租家的角度,应该和这些供油商或者贸易商,对买卖合同据理力争。船东或租家如果感觉没有这类燃油买卖合同可用,可以参考《BIMCOStandard Bunker Contract 2015》,节选其中几条非常关键的条文如下:

 

2. Specifications/Grades/Quality

(a) The Buyers shall have the soleresponsibility for the nomination of the specifications and grades of Marine Fuelsfit for use by the Vessel.

(b) The Sellers warrant that theMarine Fuels shall be of a homogeneous and stable nature and shall comply withthe specifications and grades nominated by the Buyers.

Unless otherwise agreed in theConfirmation Note, the Marine Fuels shall in all respects comply with thelatest edition of ISO Standard 8217 as per the date of the

Confirmation Note.

 

3. Quantities/Measurements

(a) Subject to the provisions ofSub-clause 6(c) and Clause 9 (Claims) hereunder the quantities of Marine Fuelsdelivered shall be determined from the official gauge or manual sounding ormeter of the Bunker Tanker effecting delivery, or in case of delivery ex-wharf,of the shore-meter or the like equipment.

(b) The Sellers shall invite the Buyersor their representatives to witness the opening and closing gauge, or manual soundingor meter reading and the taking of bunker

temperature of all bunker tanks onthe Bunker Tanker and shall be given sufficient information and access to the officialgauge or manual soundings or meter of the Bunker Tanker or shore-meter andrelevant documentation to verify the volume delivered. (c) The Marine Fuels tobe delivered under this Contract shall be measured and calculated in accordancewith the ISO-ASTM-API-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables.

4. Sampling

(a) The Sellers shall invite theBuyers or their representatives to witness the sampling of Marine Fuels. Duringbunkering a primary sample shall be drawn at a point, to be mutually agreedbetween the Sellers and the Buyers or their respective representatives, closestto the Vessel's bunker manifold and otherwise in accordance with the proceduresset out in IMO Resolution MEPC.182(59) Guidelines for the

Sampling of Fuel Oil for Determinationof Compliance with MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI or any subsequent amendments thereto.Each sample shall be thoroughly mixed and carefully divided into a minimum offive (5) identical samples and one sample of each grade of Marine Fuels shallbe retained on board for MARPOL purposes. The

absence of the Buyers or theirrepresentatives shall not prejudice the validity of the samples taken. In theevent that local bunkering rules and regulations apply mandatorily, these shalltake precedence over the provisions of this Sub-clause (a).

(b) The samples referred to in sub-clause4(a) shall be securely sealed and provided with labels showing the Vessel's name,identity of delivery facility, product name, delivery date and place and pointof sampling and seal number, authenticated with the Vessel's stamp and signedby the Sellers' representative and the Master of the Vessel or the Master’sauthorized representative.

(c) Two (2) samples shall be retainedby the Sellers for minimum forty-five (45) days after delivery of the Marine Fuelsto the Vessel or, on being requested in writing by the Buyers, for as long asthe Buyers may reasonably require, and the other three (3) samples shall beretained on board the Vessel (one of which shall be for MARPOL purposes). (d)If the quantity is delivered by more than one Bunker Tanker, the samplingprocedure shall be repeated as outlined in this Clause 4.

 

    2条关于燃油规范/等级/质量的规定,第3条是数量及测量计算方法,第4条为样品及取样方式等;还有第5条交付,第6条文件方面的,都规定得非常详细,比起供油商他们的合同来得规范,对船东和租家也能起到保护作用。可能供油商他们的合同约定如果有问题得7天内提出来,要不就不负责;或者有争议了,拿来检验的油样(sample)用驳船提供的油样等等,这些看起来非常不公平的规定,但如果买方自己同意了,那么就没有办法了。

在英国法下,如果语言足够清楚明确,即便结果荒谬,当事方也要接受。如Krys & Ors v KBC Partners LP & Ors (British Virgin Islands)[2015] UKPC 46案,在第15段判决书中说的那样:

Even if the Board regarded theseconsequences as absurd, such arguments have limited force in the face of theclear language of the articles.

也可以参Sumption勋爵在牛津大学,关于题为《AQuestion of Taste: The Supreme Court and the Interpretation of Contracts》演讲中提到的:

In the face of sufficiently clearlanguage even an absurd result might have to be accepted.

 

如果燃油的买卖合同没有大问题,接下来就来到,燃油添加的第二个问题,加油前船上的基本准备工作。

 

二、船上的基本准备工作

 

船方一定要清楚,将执行的航次需要添加多少燃油,自己的船机器所需耗的燃油规范。如果因为自己计算错误,导致燃油不够,租家需额外再加油的话,则租家可以找船东索赔。但如果租家提供了不符合规范的燃油(off-specification),则船东有权利找租家索赔,虽然会很困难。但如果需要把不符合规范的燃油泊出去导致产生了一些额外的费用,则租家需承担,同时租家也不可以要求停租。

考虑了这些问题后,船上在加油前,务必开个简短的碰头会,重申一下加油需要注意的地方,供油商是谁?油要加到哪个舱里去?船上的存油有多少?应急措施都采取了吗?溢油演习举行了吗?涉及到的相关问题,可以列个检查表,包括但不限于以下内容:

 

船名      Vessel's name


航次   Voyage No.


港口     Port


日期 Date


项目         Item

采取的措施                                                Measures Taken

Yes or No

签名   Signature

1

加油计划已经确认,加油会议,溢油演习已举行                                            Bunkering plan is confirmed,meeting and oil  spill drill had been carried out



2

确认有足够的空油舱接收燃油并有足够的富余量            Confirm the capacity of empty  fuel tanks are sufficient and have enough spaces for bunker intake



3

已熟悉紧急事故发生时应采取的措施                            Familiar with the  measures to be taken when emergency incidents happens



4

悬挂严禁烟火告示牌                                         “Smoking and Naked light strictly prohibited" is hung.



5

日间悬挂危险信号旗或夜间开启危险信号灯                    Red flag of danger signal  is hung in daytime, or Red light of danger signal is turned on at night.



6

吸油木屑,灭火器,桶等其它的相关溢油设备已放置于加油站附近  Oil-absorging sawdust, fire fight extinguisher, buck and all other concerned  oil spill equipment are prepared and placed around manifold station.



7

甲板排水孔已堵塞                                           Scuppers on deck are blocked



8

关闭燃油输送泵进,出口阀及切断电邮                          Input and output vales of  delivery pumps are shut down, and power supply is cut off



9

确认管路上各阀能正常开启关闭,指示器显示正常   All pipeline valves could be opened/closed  freely, The display on indicator is normal



10

拟加油舱的进口阀已开启                                       The  input valve of intended oil tank for bunkering is opened.



11

确认油舱测深管及通气管畅通                                     Oil tanks sounding pipes and ventilation  pipes are unobstructed.



12

确认各液位计显示正常                                              The display on each level gauges are normal.



13

船存燃油量已经仔细测量并确认                                       The  bunker quantity remain on board is sounding carefully and confirmed



14

各舱加油油量,顺序及加油速度已经确认                                     Each  tanks intake quantity,sequences and pump delivery  rate are confirmed



15

高频等通讯设备准备就绪并工况良好                               VHF for communication  is prepared and in good condition



16

所有人员准备就绪                                                       All personnel are on standby.



 

这些准备工作,应该落到实处,根据船上的任务安排,找责任人签字确认。

尤其是本船每个油舱所存的油量,需有对应的测量记录;避免加油后出现争议。在这个点上,船方还应该通过长期积累,对于每个油舱的舱容应该做到心中有数;因为很可能船舶出厂的数据并不十分准确。留有尽可能多的空舱来加对应的油,有争议的话也好解决,仔细再测量该油舱便可;此外还可以避免可能因为混油导致油品质量出现问题。

同时,船方对于以下这种基本手语也都应该熟悉,尤其是在语言不通,外界噪音太大的情况下,这些手语就能很好地派上用场。

  


    

加油前,大管轮、三管轮与公证人员(如有)须一起到供油驳船现场核实油驳所有油舱(包括空舱和非指定供油的各舱),测量、读取各舱油位、油温和油驳艏吃水、艉吃水、倾斜度,并记录流量表初始读数(如有)。对油驳测量检查时,用试水膏做测水试验,确认无掺水;检查确认量油尺和坠子上的油痕无气泡,确认油驳油舱内燃油没有被打入空气。检查和测量后做好记录,一式两份,受、供油双方签字盖章并各存一份。

因现在低硫油去管控的越来越严格,因此这些管系之间的阀门一定要能关严实,如果发生重油溢到低硫油舱的情况,则会导致整个低硫油舱的燃油作废。曾经碰到案例,因低硫油舱的油受到污染,在Gibraltar加油的时候被查,结果导致船舶被滞留,外加巨额罚款。因此在加油前,务必彻底检查各油舱之间的阀门处于紧密状态。

这些准备工作做好之后,便开始加油,那么首当其冲的便是油样问题。

三、油样

在加油船靠好之后,船方应该再次和驳船的人员核对所加的油品及数量,及许可的加油速率;同时要求驳船方提供燃油品质证书,尤其是MSDS(Material Safety Data Sheet),材料安全数据表。

很多情况下,驳船的人会带他们的油样上船,然后试图说服船方的人,说这是惯例,然后要求船方在他们的油样上签字盖章。如果一不谨慎,船方签字盖章了,那么就掉入了供油商他们的陷阱。到时候出现争议,供油商就会拿着他们提供的油样来做检验,但船方根本就不知道这些油样是从哪取的,什么时候取的。如果驳船的人坚决要求船方签字的话,那就得在燃油样瓶上加上备注,比如received only, no witness,source unknown.同时发类似如下的海事声明,抗议一下。

                        

                            Letter of Protect

Non-compliance with MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI

 

Port:__________

Date:____________

Receiving Vessel’sname:__________

IMO No.:_________

Deliveryvessel’s/Installation:__________

Barges’ sample ReferenceNo.:___________

 

To: Owners/Charterers ofMV:___________

To: Supplier____________

To: Master of bunkerbarge___________

To: Agent____________

 

On Behalf of my principle(s), I,Captain:_________ hereby clarify that, As per bunker barge their request, I tosign/stamp their sample under my strong protect, those samples with referenceNo._________ which are no witness and sources unknown, and Non-compliance withMARPOL 73/78 Annex VI.

Needless to say that the test result by thosesamples will be not final and binding for the vessel and my Owners/Charterers.

 

 

Signature bysuppliers/barge              Signature by the Master of MV______

 

_________________________            _______________________________

在签收驳船提供的那些油样之前,先让驳船他们的人先签字确认此封声明以保护船东或者租家的利益。当然也可以同时让供油商签一份Bunker Non Lien Notice,以保护船东的利益。

关于这个取油样的位置,按照MARPOL 73/78Annex VI 如下要求,必须是在船舶加油站(manifold),在加油的整个过程中采取滴流取样。

Sampling location

For the purpose of these Guidelines a sample of the fuel delivered to theship should be obtained at the receiving ship’s inlet bunker manifold andshould be drawn continuously throughout the bunker delivery period.

 

为了避免出现争议,在加油开始前,要求驳船的人来到接口,加油站那见证取样的过程。如果驳船的人拒绝前来的话,同理,也发一个类似如下的声明,保留船方的权利。

 

On Behalf of my principle(s), I,Captain:_________ hereby clarify that, We have invited Master of bunker bargeand their representative to attend vessel’s manifold for oil sample witnesspurpose, but regret that they refuse our reasonable requirements. We reconfirmthat the method for taking oil sample which will be fully compliance withMARPOL 73/78 Annex VI, and only these sample taken at manifold with ReferNo.________ are acceptable by us.

 

同时MARPOL73/78 公约还规定如下,留船的那一瓶油样,必须不少于400ml,且为油样瓶容积的90% ± 5%

The retained sample should be of sufficientquantity to perform the tests required but

should not be less than 400 ml. Thecontainer should be filled to 90% ± 5% capacity and sealed.

对于油样的数量,通常最少有3份;当然多一点,5份就最好。其中1瓶按MARPOL公约要求留船,1瓶给加油驳船,1瓶寄出作化验,1瓶给检验员,船上还有1瓶可备用。装油样的样品如下,当然每家化验公司,比如SGS,DNV他们都会给船方提供他们本公司自己的样品,这些瓶子是免费的,只要委托他们做燃油化验。

 通常情况下,这些瓶子的标签上必须包含但不限于以下信息:

• Name and IMO number ofreceiving vessel*

• Date of commencingdelivery*

• Name of bunkerbarge/tanker/bunker installation*

• Sampling location andmethod*

• Signatures and names ofsupplier’s representative and the vessel’s representative*

• Seal identificationnumber*

• Bunker grade*

• Port and location ofbunkering

• Name of bunker supplier

其中标注* 的信息,按照IMO Guidelines要求,必须记录在MARPOL SAMPLE的那瓶油样上。

 

    以下为新加坡海事局出的,SS600标准的燃油取样流程:

为什么取样的位置这么重要呢?因为这关系到事后,如果燃油不符合规格,索赔的证据问题。驳船自己单方面提供的油样,一没目击,二不知道来源及日期,因此务必提醒船方,切勿盲目签字盖章。

在LondonArbitration 8/98案中,添加的燃油污染,船东依赖从船上加油站(manifold)取的油样的检测结果,相反租方并没有从驳船上取的油样。仲裁员认为船方的油样采取了通常及正确的方式,采用滴流法。法官认为,那些有目击见证,大家清楚知道来源的油样具有份量;而那些交给船上老轨被劝说需要签收的所谓的燃油样品,但那些油样却没有证据显示,从哪,如何取得的。最终法官作出对船东有利的判决。

The arbitrators held that the vessel's samples had beentaken in the normal and correct manner by means of continuous drip mechanism.Conversely, no samples had been taken on the barge itself.

The award then goes on to state as follows:
"Had they [the samples] beentaken, properly witnessed and acknowledged, analysis of them would have been ofconsiderable weight. As it was, some 'samples' were handed to the ChiefEngineer, who had been persuaded to sign for them but there was no evidence(our emphasis) as to where, how and when those 'samples' were taken."

The tribunal found in the owners' favour.

对于船上油样的存放位置问题,依照MARPOL, Resolution MEPC.182(59),需要存放在生活区外,安全通风,阴凉,没有阳光直晒的地方。

•Outside theaccommodation

•In a safe, sheltered andventilated location

•At a cool/ambienttemperature

•Not exposed to directsunlight

 

同时,这些油样必须保存至燃油消耗完毕,且至少不少于加油后12个月。

Thesample should be retained until the fuel is substantially consumed, but for notless than 12 months from the time of delivery.

 

加油过程中,一开始速度不能太快,避免压力过大或接口不牢等问题造成溢油事故。待一切正常后,可以达最大的速率。同时需定时测量油舱,条件许可的话可查看液面情况,如果供油商往油里吹气了,这时候就很容易发现。

 

船上的轮机长须安排专人全程检查、监控油样的提取,严格按照要求提取油样,根据加油量和加油速率,调整滴流取样的速率,确保全过程滴流取样。轮机长负责督促加油值班人员做好现场监装和监测,检查燃油中是否存在气泡或其它异常情况,发现问题及时妥善处理,确保燃油数量和质量,确保安全和防止污染海域。如果通过下列检查发现加油过程中存在恶意打气行为须立即与供油方交涉:检查加油站加油软管有急动或抖动,加油总管上的压力表读数出现异常波动,供油驳船发出不正常的噪音,测量本船受油舱的油位时在量油尺和坠子油痕上观测到过多气泡,监测加装完成的受油舱油位不断下降。

如果加油过程一切正常,那么就来到第四个问题。

 

四、BDNBunker Delivery Note

加油结束后,如果不存在吹气或者添加水的情况,则可以开始仔细量油。船方应该委派经验丰富的,比如大管轮、三管轮与公证人员(如有)立即到供油驳船量油,记录流量表读数(如有),计算从供油船驳出的油量,做好记录,一式两份,船方和驳船双方签字盖章并各存一份。然后,大管轮(必要时应亲自参与量油)根据本船的量油结果计算实际接受的油量,以进一步核对加油量是否准确,轮机长对加油量进行核实。轮机长确认加油数量准确并审核确认加油收据上的数量及其它参数无误且符合MARPOL公约要求后交船长,这个时候才能在BDN上签署并加盖船章。

但如果船方的数据和驳船提供的数据有出入,船方又无法接受此差异的话,那么就有及时向相关发递交海事申明。在期租的情况下,直接付款方是租家,这个时候船长不能自作主张,尤其是在没有提抗议的情况下,直接在BDN上签字确认。为避免时候遭租家索赔,出现船方无法接受的差异时,应该第一时间通知租家,然后听租家指示,在BDN上签字还是等租家委派第三方检验员上船再次测量。如果船长冒然签字,或出现争议后直接开航,在这种情况下,租家很可能事后,以船长未听从指示,或者因为船长的失责未通报租家从而造成损失,找船东索赔。

话说回来,按MARPOLAnnex VI 18.5的要求,BDN上最少需包含以下信息:

• Name and IMO number ofreceiving vessel

• Port

• Date of commencement ofdelivery

• Name, address and telephonenumber of marine fuel oil supplier

• Product name(s)

• Quantity in metrictonnes

• Density at 15˚C (kg/m3)

• Sulphur content byweight (% m/m), stated to two decimal places

• A declaration signedand certified by the fuel oil supplier’s representative that the fuel oilsupplied is in conformity with MARPOL Annex VI, Regulation 14.1 (worldwidesulphur limit) or Regulation 14.4 (Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) sulphurlimit) and Regulation 18.3 (confirming that the fuel oil is not harmful topersonnel and does not contain chemical waste).

 

也就是说BDN上需显示船名及其IMO号,加油港口,加油的日期,供油商的名称,地址,电话等联系方式(一般BDN是供油商他们公司的抬头纸),所供的燃油名称,数量,在15°时的密度,含硫量,供油商对于所提供燃油的声明。

 

以下为在新加坡加油的一份BDN样式,包含了对应的信息,符合MARPOLAnnex VI 18.5 的要求。

BDN中显示的MSDS,这个全称为 Material Safety Data Sheet,中文为燃油材料安全数据表。

    对于此BDN方面的,也可以参《BIMCO Standard Bunker Contract2015》第6条, Documentation 如下描述:

(a).Before commencement of deliverythe Sellers shall present for written acknowledgement by the Master of theVessel or the Master’s authorized representative, a bunker predelivery form orsimilar document, duly signed by the

Sellers or their representative,which shall contain the quantities to be delivered and all information requiredin accordance with ISO 13739 or any subsequent amendments thereof, including,in particular, the values for: viscosity; density; sulphur content; flashpoint; and delivery temperature. In addition, and if available, similar informationshall be provided for vanadium, ash content, water content and pour point. Inthe event that local bunkering rules and regulation apply mandatorily, these shalltake precedence over the provisions of this Subclause

(b) Once the delivery is completedand quantities measured, a BDN shall be signed and stamped by the Master of theVessel or the Master’s authorised representative, and returned to the Sellers,or their representative, as acknowledgement of the actual volume and the actualdelivery temperature only and a duplicate copy shall be retained by the Masterof the Vessel. This receipt shall contain the following minimum informationwhich is warranted by the Sellers: delivered quantity in volume

units; density in kg/m3 at 15° C asper ISO 3675; delivery temperature; flash point; sulphur content in % m/m asper ISO 8754; and viscosity. (c) In the event the Master of the Vessel is notsatisfied with the sampling, quantity or any other matter concerning the MarineFuels or their delivery, the Master shall on completion of delivery: (i) make appropriateremarks in the BDN detailing the complaints and/or referring to a separateletter of protest; or (ii) if remarks in the BDN are not permitted, issue aseparate letter of protest, receipt of either of which shall be acknowledged inwriting by the Sellers’ representative.

 

 

如果燃油买卖合同约定是,供油商只在7天内对燃油负责的话,那么船方在加完油后应该在第一时间试着先使用所添加的燃油。当然也有公司规定,在油样检验结果未出来前,为了避免机器遭受损坏,不允许使用的情况,那么就将比较被动。因为可能加油的港口,不能邮寄油样;或者因为种种原因导致了邮寄过程中出现耽误,以致7天内未能有油样检测结果。因此为了避免这一问题,如果在燃油买卖合同中有这类规定的,应该拒绝接受。

之前文章说过,在期租上,租家提供燃油的责任是绝对的,这种绝对的责任包含两个方面的内容,仅仅使用可靠的供油商是不够的,租家还得保证提供的燃油是合适。

It is generally accepted that itis an absolute obligation, such an absolute duty means that it would not besufficient merely to use reliable suppliers (who then go on to provideoff-specification bunkers), The charterers have to provide bunkers of suitablequality.

 

因此就来到,关于燃油的第五个问题。

 

五、争议处理

   

     在英国法下,如果船东因为船舶燃油不符合规格而想找租家索赔的话,那么船东负有举证责任。因此这些证据就显得异常重要,证据的准确性和完整性则是基本的。一旦船舶在使用的时候发现问题,或者在检测的时候出现不符合的情况,那么应该立即停用有问题的燃油,同时收集并保全以下证据。

• Log books (deck, engine, andrough)

• Engine room alarm logs

• Oil Record Book(s)

• Planned Maintenance System(PMS) records

• Pre-arrival checklists

• Pre-departure checklists

• Bunker tank soundings andmeasurements

• Consumption records

• BDNs and bunker receipts

• Third party fuel oil analysisfor previous stems

• Engine lubricating oilanalysis results • Photographs of physical damage (any damaged parts removed orreplaced should be preserved)

• Survey reports

 

    船东或租家及时在合适的港口委托第三方独立知名的检验员上船,同时邀请租家或供油商委派他们的代表一同到船上检查实际情况,并取样。如果有必要,则安排专业的实验室做进一步检验,以检测燃油的具体成分。这些样品需是当时加油过程中,在加油站采用滴流法所采集的油样,检测之前必须核对编码。

   

对于ISO 8217:2005的燃油,其成分含量如下。

当然不同标准不同规格的燃油,其成分含量也不大一样。

 

鉴于油样存放的时间长短,实验室检测的误差等因素,检测出来的最终结果,可能与以上的标准并不一致。如GalaxyEnergy International Ltd v Eurobunker Spa [2001] EWHC 502 (Comm) 案,燃油分批转卸到仓库中,事后多次检测的燃油最低温度流动点都不一致,有差异,但法官采纳专家们的意见,判卖家胜诉,买方得支付货款及存储费用。

I therefore have come to theconclusion that the Sellers are entitled to judgment for the amount due inrespect of the cargo and the storage charges.

 

因此,如果碰到这种情况下,船东还得去证明,其所遭受的损失或损害确实是由不符合规格的燃油所造成的。而租家或供油商则只要证明,其中多个或者一个相反的证据就可以去对抗船东的索赔。比如船员错误操作,导致了混油,那么租家或供油商将不用承担任何责任。

此外租家或供应商还可以从以下几个方面对船东的索赔进行抗辩。

• The engine/machinery problems arose dueto poor maintenance of the vessel;

• The engine/machinery problems werecaused by bunkers supplied under a previous charter;

• The loss/damagewould have been avoided had more rigorous fuel management procedures beenemployed on board, such as isolating and analysing the bunkers before they wereburned. However, in a scenario such as this, defendant charterers/bunkersuppliers would prima facie still be liable for the delay, costs and anyliability that would have been incurred, for example, by deviating to take onfresh bunkers and, in some cases, having to de-bunker the vessel;

• The loss/damagewould have been avoided had preventative measures been taken such as blendingthe fuel and/or incorporating additives into the off-specification fuel.

 

也就是说,主机或机器的问题是由于船舶维修保养不当,或者是之前合同所供的燃油有问题;如果使用了更严格的燃油管理程序,比如隔离和使用之前先检测燃油就可以避免这些损失/损害;或者采取了预防措施,如将合格的燃油或添加剂加到不符合规格的燃油中去就可以避免损失/损害。租家很可能以这些理由来对抗船东,那么船东就显得非常被动。

这里所说的燃油添加剂,使用的时候一定要先和管船部门或者船长老轨做好充分的沟通,有应急措辞才可以。而且使用添加剂还需要一段时间才有效果,因此船上必须存有足够的备用燃油。

此外,在另一方面,国际社会对低硫油使用的要求不断增加,促使在原油处理时增加催化剂的使用量。催化剂有强的磨蚀性,如果不能分离净化将会引起严重和快速的机器损坏,从而导致较大索赔。国际海事保险联合会(IUMI)早前在伦敦举行的年会,敦促船东和经营人对燃油中的催化剂引起的机器损坏负起责任。MARPOL73/78防污公约附则VI生效后,对低硫油使用的要求不断增加,促使在原油处理时增加催化剂的使用量。

 

如果船东能很好地证明船舶机器的损坏是由于不符合规格燃油所造成的,为了能够从租家或者供油商那里追偿所遭受的损失,船东有减小损失的责任和义务。这种链条可能被打破,比如船员在发现燃油有问题后,仍然坚持继续适用该燃油,从而导致了机器更严重的损坏。则这个时候,租家或供油商可对此扩大的损害不负责。

如果船东要求租家把有问题的燃油驳出去,但租家又不采取行动的话,那么船东仍然有责任,确保船舶在租约下任何时候都适航。如果船上确实处理不了,或者使用添加剂也无效果的话,船东将不得不自己采取行动,泊出有问题的燃油,然后再找租家或供油商追偿损失。这些因泊油所产生的额外的绕航或费用,都可以找租家索赔;且租家不可以要求停租。

 

 

 

总结:

   

通过对前面的分析,可以看出主要的争议有两个方面,第一是燃油数量;第二是燃油质量。当如果燃油的买卖合同里都规定了,以驳船的数据为准,BINDING&FINAL的话,那么就算明知道短少了,船方自己测量的数据如何精确都没有用,因为当事人双方都约定好了以驳船的数为准。

鉴于此,有必要重申一下,Sumption勋爵在题为 A Question of Taste: The SupremeCourt and the Interpretation of Contracts》演讲中提到的:

In the face of sufficiently clear language even anabsurd result might have to be accepted.

在英国法下,如果语言足够清楚明确,即便结果荒谬,当事方也要接受。

此外,在VebaOil Supply & Trading GmbH v Petrotrade Inc [2001] EWCA Civ 1832案中,其中合同关于检测标准有如下描述:

4. Product/Quality Gasoilmeeting the following guaranteed specifications:

Test Limit MethodASTM

Densityat 15degC 0.876kg/l maxD1298

但卖家采用了当地习惯采用的检测标准D4052,虽然此标准比D1298的标准来得高,而且精度更准确。但上诉院的法官们认为,如果合同已经列明特定的检测方法,那么必须采用此检测方法,否则违背了合同的要求。而一旦违反了合同的要求,那么任何别的检测结果对合同双方都没有约束力,最终Simon Brown勋爵判买家胜诉,驳回了卖家的上诉。

That, however, is by the way. For thereasons given earlier, I would hold the determination not to be binding becauseof the Inspectors' material departure from their instructions, and accordinglydismiss this appeal.

 

从以上判例不难看出,燃油买卖合同和租船合同一样,有争议一切以合同为基准,案中合同中的约定来处理。因此想要最大程度地避免燃油方面的争议,最好是在燃油买卖合同中约定好,如果出现数量争议的情况下,如何处理。比如可以委托第三方独立的公正人员进行测量,其结果为最终的且对双方都有约束力。如果出现燃油质量方面的问题,那么可以约定以加油过程中,在加油站采取滴流法取得油样为标准,最终的检测结果为最终的且对双方都有约束力。再详细点就可以指定第三方公正人,比如SGS或DNV,实验室定在新加坡。那么出现争议了,当事人双方都知道如何处理,照着合同一步一步来就好。

 

 

 



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